Zimmerman HJ. Hormonal derivatives and related drugs. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999, pp. 555-88. (Expert review of effects of androgenic steroids on the liver published in 1999; two forms of hepatic injury occur with anabolic steroids: cholestasis that occurs within the first 6 months associated with the synthetic agents that have an alkyl group in the C17 position, and a delayed injury with vascular or neoplastic changes in which natural androgens can play a role).
Chitturi S, Farrell GC. Adverse effects of hormones and hormone antagonists on the liver. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 605-20. (Review of hepatotoxicity of androgenic steroids including cholestasis, vascular disorders, benign tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma).
Synder P. Androgens. In, Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp.1195-1208. (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
Werner SC, Hanger FM, Kritzler RA. Jaundice during methyltestosterone therapy. Am J Med 1950; 8: 325-31. PubMed Citation (7 patients: 6 men and 1 woman who developed jaundice during oral methyltestosterone therapy, ages 17-67 years, onset after 8 days to 4 months, prodrome of nausea and malaise for 1-2 weeks before jaundice [peak bilirubin 5.1-29 mg/dL, Alk P 1.4 to 4.5 times ULN, albumin normal], lasted 1-3 months; biopsy showed bile stasis with little inflammation; recovery complete; no recurrence upon rechallenge in 3 patients).
Brick IB, Kyle LH. Jaundice of hepatic origin during the course of methyltestosterone therapy. N Engl J Med 1952; 246: 176-9.PubMed Citation(Two men, ages 44 and 63 years, developed jaundice 7 and 12 weeks after switching from long term testosterone injections to sublingual methyltestosterone [bilirubin not given and 6.8 mg/dL, Alk P 4-5 times ULN], with full but slow recovery after stopping).
Burger RA, Marcuse PM. Peliosis hepatis: report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 1952; 22: 569-73. PubMed Citation (39 year old woman with metastatic colon cancer and emaciation treated with oral testosterone was found to have peliosis hepatis on autopsy, without endothelial lining and with hepatic necrosis).
Lloyd-Thomas HG, Sherlock S. Testosterone therapy for the pruritus of obstructive jaundice. Br Med J 1952; 2: 1289-91. PubMed Citation (Experience in treating 7 patients having intractable itching due to liver disease with methyltestosterone, which led to improvement in itching within 4-7 days but worsening jaundice, serum bilirubin rising by 2.0-9.3 mg/dL).
Almaden PJ, Ross SW. Jaundice due to methyl testosterone therapy. Ann Intern Med 1954; 40: 146-52. PubMed Citation (45 year old woman developed jaundice 7 months after starting methyltestosterone [bilirubin 16.7 mg/dL Alk P slightly elevated], biopsy showing intrahepatic cholestasis and resolution of jaundice within 2 months of stopping).
Kaplan AA. Jaundice due to methyltestosterone therapy. Gastroenterology 1956; 31: 384-90. PubMed Citation (58 year old man developed jaundice and pruritus 6 months after starting sublingual methyltestosterone [bilirubin 13.6 mg/dL, Alk P rising to twice normal], resolving 3 months after stopping).
Koszalka MF. Medical obstructive jaundice: report of a death due to methyltestosterone. J Lancet 1957; 77: 51-4. PubMed Citation(60 year old man with colon cancer developed jaundice 3 weeks after starting methyltestosterone which was continued another 3 weeks [bilirubin 10 mg/dL, Alk P rising to twice normal], with progressive jaundice and death from hepatic failure 2 months after presentation, autopsy showing intrahepatic cholestasis).
Peters JH, Randall AH Jr, Mendeloff J, Peace R, Coberly JC, Hurley MB. Jaundice during administration of methylestrenolone. J Clin Endocrinol 1958; 18: 114-5.PubMed Citation (Two of 10 patients receiving 17-methyl-19-nortestosterone for cancer developed jaundice after 4 and 6 weeks of therapy; both died of underlying cancer while still jaundiced).
Seelen JC. Complications during administration of methylestrenolone. J Clin Endocrinol 1958; 1137-8. PubMed Citation (Pregnant woman treated with methylestrenolone for habitual abortion developed jaundice 2 months later [bilirubin 19 mg/dL, Alk P 1.5 times ULN], resolving after stopping therapy).
Kory RC, Bradley MH, Watson RN, Callahan R, Peters BJ. A six-month evaluation of an anabolic drug, norethandrolone, in underweight persons. II. Bromsulphalein(BSP) retention and liver function. Am J Med 1959; 26: 243-8.PubMed Citation(Prolonged BSP retention found in 74% of samples from 47 patients on norethandrolone for weight gain, returned to normal within a few weeks of stopping; only two patients had mild bilirubin elevations [1.7 and 2.2 mg/dL]).
Schaffner F, Popper H, Chesrow E. Cholestasis produced by administration of norethandrolone. Am J Med 1959; 26: 249-54.PubMed Citation (Among 27 patients treated with norethandrolone for nutritional support for 3 to 5 weeks undergoing liver biopsy before and during therapy, 4 developed cholestasis within 1 to 5 weeks [bilirubin 32, 1.8, 1.0 and 0.7 mg/dL, AST 190-224 U/L, Alk P 2-20 times ULN], all resolving after stopping).
Foss GL, Simpson SL. Oral methyltestosterone and jaundice. Br Med J 1959; 1 : 259-63. PubMed Citation (Despite extensive use of methyltestosterone, authors found only one case of jaundice, 60 year old man developed jaundice after 5 weeks of therapy and subsequently died of dehydration and acidosis; summarizes 42 cases from literature; of 5 patients retreated, only one had recurrence).
Shaw RK, Gold GL. Jaundice associated with norethandrolone(Nilevar) therapy. Ann Intern Med 1960; 52: 428-34. PubMed Citation(60 year old with multiple myeloma developed pruritus after 12 weeks and jaundice after 16 weeks of norethandrolone [bilirubin 9.5 mg/dL, AST 25 U/L, Alk P 3 times ULN], biopsy showed intrahepatic cholestasis, resolving on stopping and prednisone therapy).
Wernze H. [Clinical investigation of the problem of liver damage by the newer androgenic and anabolic steroids]. Dtsch med Wschr 1960; 85: 2237-42. German.PubMed Citation (Study of BSP retention in 36 volunteers given C-17 alkylated androgenic steroids; retention rose from <5% to 6-23% within 8-30 days and fell to normal or near normal with 8-10 days thereafter, whereas AST, Alk P and bilirubin levels changed minimally if at all).
Kintzen W, Silny J. Peliosis hepatic after administration of fluoxymesterone. Can Med Assoc J 1960; 83: 860-2. PubMed Citation(60 year old woman with metastatic breast cancer treated with fluoxymesterone for 2 years was found to have peliosis hepatis on autopsy after death from widespread metastatic disease).
Schaffner F, Popper H, Perez V. Changes in bile canaliculi produced by norethandrolone: electron microscopic study of human and rat liver. J Lab Clin Med 1960; 56: 623-8. PubMed Citation (4 patients treated with norethandrolone for 2 weeks underwent liver biopsy which showed ?mild nonspecific changes? by light microscopy, but dilated bile canaliculi and shortening of microvilli by electron microscopy).
Marquardt GH, Fisher CI, Levy P, Dowben RM. Effects of anabolic steroids on liver function tests and creatine excretion. JAMA 1961; 175: 851-3. PubMed Citation (Six anabolic steroids given to 38 healthy controls for 5 weeks; all led to increase in BSP retention [2.3-17.6%] but no change in bilirubin levels).
Wynn V, Landon J, Kawarau E. Studies of hepatic function during methandienone therapy. Lancet 1961; 1: 69-75. PubMed Citation(Followed liver tests in 30 patients treated with methandienone; AST elevations occurred in 27% [60-180 U/L], Alk P(2 times ULN] and bilirubin [2.0] in 1, and BSP retention in 62%; all without symptoms and resolving rapidly, some without stopping drug).
Perez-Mera RA, Shields CE. Jaundice associated with norethindrone acetate therapy. N Engl J Med 1962; 267: 1137-8. PubMed Citation (35 year old woman developed jaundice and abdominal pain 2 years after starting norethindrone for dysmenorrhea [bilirubin 6.5 mg/dL], biopsy showing intrahepatic cholestasis and repeat biopsy 2 months after stopping estrogen showing resolution).
Wilder EM. Death due to liver failure following the use of methandrostenolone. Can Med Assoc J 1962; 87: 768-9. PubMed Citation(71 year old woman developed jaundice 8 weeks after starting methandrostenolone for osteoporosis [bilirubin 20.4 mg/dL, AST 200 U/L, Alk P twice normal], with progressive mental obtundation, coagulopathy and death 2 months later, autopsy showing shrunken liver with marked cholestasis).
Scherb J, Kirschner M, Arias IM. Studies of hepatic excretory function. The effect of 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone on sulfobromophthalein sodium(BSP) metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 1963: 42: 404-8. PubMed Citation (Prospective study of BSP metabolism in 8 subjects treated with 19-nortestosterone and 10 controls; BSP transport maximum decreased within 7-10 days of starting androgen therapy and returned to normal 1 week afterwards, BSP storage was normal; best explained as a decrease in excretion of conjugated BSP [similar to defect in Dubin-Johnson syndrome).
Gilbert EF, DaSilva AQ, Queen DM. Intrahepatic cholestasis with fatal termination following norethandrolone therapy. JAMA 1963; 185: 538-9.PubMed Citation (74 year old man developed jaundice 5 months after starting norethandrolone but continued for another month and developed delirium [bilirubin 20 mg/dL, AST 475 U/L, Alk P 3 times ULN], dying in hepatic coma; severe cholestasis on autopsy).
Marquardt GH, Logan CE, Tomhave WG, Dowben RM. Failure of non-17-alkylated anabolic steroids to produce abnormal liver function tests. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1964; 24: 1334-6. PubMed Citation (Prospective study of 23 patients given methenolone [non-C-17 substituted synthetic androgen] for weight gain found no change in BSP retention or serum bilirubin levels).
Yanoff M, Rawson AJ. Peliosis hepatis: an anatomic study with demonstration of two varieties. Arch Pathol 1964; 77: 159-65.PubMed Citation (Two cases: 73 year old woman with septic arthritis treated with norethandrolone for 6 weeks and 42 year old man with malignant teratoma treated with chemotherapy for 8 months, both found to have peliosis on autopsy; two forms of peliosis, one with and one without endothelial lining, anabolic steroids associated with the latter parenchymal type that also shows bile retention and hepatocyte necrosis).
DeLorimer AA, Gordan GS, Lowe RC, Carbone JV. Methyltestosterone, related steroids and liver function. Arch Intern Med 1965; 116: 289-94. PubMed Citation(66 healthy controls were given 9 different 17α-alkylated androgenic steroids or testosterone for 2 weeks; no change in serum bilirubin or Alk P, but most resulted in increased BSP retention, not occurring with non-alkylated testosterone).
Ticktin HE, Zimmerman HJ. Effects of synthetic anabolic agent on hepatic function. Am J Med Sci 1966; 251: 674-84. PubMed Citation (Prospective analysis of liver tests in 54 patients treated with nobolethone for at least 2 weeks; reversible minor AST elevations in 33% and BSP retention in 66% [both dose related], bilirubin >1.0 mg/dL in 10% and abnormal Alk P in none).
Orlandi F, Jezequel AM. On the pathogenesis of the cholestasis induced by C-17 alkylated steroids: ultrastructure and functional changes of the liver cells during treatment. Rev Int Hepatol 1966; 16: 331-3. PubMed Citation
Glober GA, Wilkerson JA. Biliary cirrhosis following the administration of methyltestosterone. JAMA 1968; 204: 170-3. PubMed Citation (56 year old woman developed jaundice after taking a nutritional supplement with methyltestosterone and estrone for 4 years with prolonged jaundice [bilirubin 3.2 mg/dL, AST 7 UL, Alk P 54 KA U], evolving into cirrhosis over next 5 years with intractable pruritus and xanthomas; probable primary biliary cirrhosis).
. Androgens and anabolic steroids. Br Med J 1969; 2: 165-7. PubMed Citation(Review of clinical indications, efficacy and safety of androgenic steroids; mentions that 17α-alkylated androgens can cause jaundice).
McGiven AR. Peliosis hepatis: case report and review of pathogenesis. J Pathol 1970; 101: 283-5. PubMed Citation (75 year old man with rheumatoid arthritis died of an acute myocardial infarction and was found to have peliosis hepatis on autopsy, having received methandienone for the previous year).
Rozman C, Urbano A, Galera H. [Hepatotoxicity of anabolic steroids]. Minerva Med 1971; 62: 2605-11. PubMed Citation
Sansoy OM, Roy AN, Shields LM. Anabolic action and side effects of oxandrolone in 34 mental patients. Geriatrics 1971; 26: 139-43. PubMed Citation (34 patients were treated with oxandrolone for 2 months to promote weight gain after illness; AST levels increased and were abnormal in 53%, BSP increased in 35%; no patient developed jaundice).
Bernstein MS, Hunter RL, Yachnin S. Hepatoma and peliosis hepatis developing in a patient with Fanconi’s anemia. N Engl J Med 1971; 284: 1135-6. PubMed Citation (20 year old with Fanconi anemia developed HCC 1 year after starting oxymetholone with peliosis and multiple intrahepatic hematomas found on autopsy).
Johnson FL, Feagler JR, Lerner KG, Majerus PW, Siegel M, Hartmann JR, Thomas ED. Association of androgenic-anabolic steroid therapy with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1972; 2: 1273-6. PubMed Citation (Description of 4 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma related to C17-alkylated anabolic steroids given for aplastic anemia or Fanconi syndrome, ages 5-27 years taking drugs for 1-7 years; regression of tumor in one with withdrawal; all died within one year).
Guy JT, Auslander MO. Androgenic steroids and hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1973; 1: 148. PubMed Citation (38 year old man with Fanconi?s syndrome had hepatocellular carcinoma on autopsy with mildly abnormal liver tests; had received androgenic steroids for 4 months at age 14).
Henderson JT, Richmond J, Sumerling MD. Androgenic-anabolic steroid therapy and hepatocellular cancer. Lancet 1973; 1: 934.PubMed Citation (12 year old male with aplastic anemia developed hepatocellular carcinoma having received 8 years of intermittent anabolic steroid therapy and many transfusions).
. Liver tumours and steroid hormones. Lancet 1973; 2: 1481-2. PubMed Citation(Editorial discussing the development of cholestasis, peliosis, adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma after anabolic and contraceptive steroids).
Jackson ST, Rallison ML, Buntin WH, Johnson SB, Flynn RR. Use of oxandrolone for growth stimulation in children. Am J Dis Child 1973; 126: 481-4. PubMed Citation (9 children with constitutional growth retardation treated with oxandrolone for 2 6-month periods with careful monitoring; no clinical or laboratory evidence of liver injury; one patient had increase in BSP retention).
Presant CA, Safdar SH. Oxymetholone in myelofibrosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Arch Intern Med 1973; 132: 175-8.PubMed Citation (Among 9 patients with refractory anemia, oxymetholone decreased transfusion requirements; 4 developed hepatotoxicity after 3-6 months, mild jaundice in 1 [bilirubin 3.1 mg/dL], mild Alk P or AST elevations in others, most resolved despite continuing medication).
Ziegenfuss J, Carabasi R. Androgens and hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 1973; 1: 262. PubMed Citation (68 year old man treated with methyltestosterone for 30 years for impotence presented with abdominal pain and hepatocellular carcinoma which was ?almost completely? resected).
Frasier SD. Androgens and athletes. Am J Dis Child 1973; 125: 479-80. PubMed Citation (Editorial criticizing use of anabolic steroids to improve athletic performance).
Naeim F, Copper PH, Seminion AA. Peliosis hepatis: possible etiologic role of anabolic steroids. Arch Pathol 1973; 95: 284-5.PubMed Citation (Two cases of peliosis found on autopsy; a child with Fanconi?s anemia who had developed jaundice after a short course of fluoxymesterone; a 65 year old woman on hormone replacement therapy for 18 months who died of congestive heart failure).
Bagheri SA, Boyer JL. Peliosis hepatis associated with androgenic-anabolic steroid therapy. A severe form of hepatic injury. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81: 610-8.PubMed Citation (Seven patients on anabolic steroids for 2 to 27 months developed peliosis, 2 developing hemorrhage, 3 hepatic failure and 2 renal failure; serum bilirubin levels as high as 34.6 mg/dL, Alk P 1-20 times elevated, AST 30 to 950 U/L).
Groos G, Arnold OH, Brittinger G. Letter: Peliosis hepatis after long-term administration of oxymetholone. Lancet 1974; 1: 874.PubMed Citation (33 year old woman with aplastic anemia developed hepatomegaly [bilirubin 6.6 mg//dL, ALT 243 U/L, Alk P 229 U/L] 1.5 years after starting oxymetholone, liver size decreasing when drug was stopped).
Cattan D, Vesin P, Wautier J, Kalifat R, Meignan S. Liver tumors and steroid hormones. Lancet 1974; 1: 878. PubMed Citation (7 year old girl with Fanconi?s anemia developed hepatocellular carcinoma but had never received androgenic steroids, instead had transfusion-attributed hemosiderosis and cirrhosis).
Meadows AT, Naiman JL, Valdes-Dapena MV. Hepatoma associated with androgen therapy for aplastic anemia. J Pediatr 1974; 84: 109-10. PubMed Citation (6 year old girl with aplastic anemia on androgens for 3.5 years died of intracranial hemorrhage and was found to have hepatocellular carcinoma on autopsy; the liver was enlarged but liver tests were all normal).
Mulvihill JJ, Ridolfi RL, Schultz FR, Borzy MS, Haughton PB. Hepatic adenoma in Fanconi anemia treated with oxymetholone. J Pediatr 1975; 87: 122-4. PubMed Citation (12 year old boy with Fanconi?s anemia treated with oxymetholone developed jaundice [bilirubin 23 mg/dL and ?liver function abnormalities?], improving when oxymetholone was stopped; on autopsy after intracerebral bleed found to have 9 cm hepatic adenoma ?with distant metastases?).
Sarna G, Tomasulo P, Lotz MJ, Bubinak JF, Shulman NR. Multiple neoplasms in two siblings with a variant form of Fanconi’s anemia. Cancer 1975; 36: 1029-33.PubMed Citation (Two brothers with Fanconi?s anemia on long term androgen therapy both developed malignancies, including leukemia, gingival squamous cell cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma).
K?hb?ck J, Radaszkiewicz T, Walek H. [Peliosis hepatis, complicating treatment with anabolic steroids (author’s transl)]. Med Klin 1975; 70: 1602-7. German.PubMed Citation
Ball JH, Lowrie EG, Hampers CL, Merrill JP. Testosterone therapy in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 1975; 4: 91-8. PubMed Citation (30 patients on chronic hemodialysis were treated with testosterone injections for anemia; AST elevations occurred in both treated and untreated controls).
Farrell GC, Joshua DE, Uren RF, Baird PJ, Perkins KW, Kronenberg. Androgen-induced hepatoma. Lancet 1975; 1: 430-1. PubMed Citation (Three cases of hepatocellular carcinoma in men on androgenic steroids, ages 28 to 40 years, on oxymetholone or methyltestosterone for 5 to 8 years, liver and tumor size decreasing on stopping androgenic steroids).
Anthony PP. Hepatoma associated with androgenic steroids. Lancet 1975; 1: 685-6.PubMed Citation (Letter in response to Farrell [1975] stressing the poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma; median survival time being 1 month and raising a question of the accuracy of the diagnosis).
Bakker K, Brouwers TM, Houthoff HJ, Postma A. [Liver lesions due to long-term use of anabolic steroids and oral contraceptives]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1976; 120: 2214-20. Dutch. PubMed Citation
Kew MC, Van Coller B, Prowse CM, Skikne B, Wolfsdorf JI, Isdale J, Krawitz S, et al. Occurrence of primary hepatocellular cancer and peliosis hepatis after treatment with androgenic steroids. S Afr Med J 1976; 50: 1233-7. PubMed Citation (3 cases of complications of androgenic steriods: 34 year old woman with Fanconi?s anemia developed hepatocellular carcinoma after 7 years of therapy with methyltestosterone and 2 children [1 girl and 1 boy] developed peliosis hepatis, 5 and 8 years after starting androgenic steroids, both died soon after diagnosis).
Kessler E, Bar-Meir S, Pinkhas J. [Focal nodular hyperplasia and spontaneous hepatic rupture in aplastic anemia treated with oxymetholone]. Harefuah 1976; 90: 521-4. Hebrew. PubMed Citation
Boyer JL, Preisig R, Zbinden G, de Kretser DM, Wang C, Paulsen CA. Guidelines for assessment of potential hepatotoxic effects of synthetic androgens, anabolic agents and progestagens in their use in males as antifertility agents. Contraception 1976; 13: 461-8. PubMed Citation (Recommendations for monitoring for hepatotoxicity in trials of anabolic steroids).
Hast R, Sk?rberg KO, Engstedt L, Jameson S, Killander A, Lundh B, Reizenstein P, et al. Oxymetholone treatment in aregenerative anaemia. II. Remission and survival?a prospective study. Scand J Haematol 1976; 16: 90-100. PubMed Citation (53 patients with anemia due to bone marrow insufficiency were treated with oxymetholone for at least 6 months; 3 developed jaundice requiring discontinuation).
Hervey GR, Hutchinson I, Knibbs AV, Burkinshaw L, Jones PR, Norgan NG, Levell MJ. “Anabolic” effects of methandienone in men undergoing athletic training. Lancet 1976; 2: 699-702. PubMed Citation (Double-blind crossover study of 6 weeks of methandienone in 11 male athletes; no change in bilirubin, ALT, AST or Alk P levels during drug period).
Lesna M, Spencer I, Walker W. Liver nodules and androgens. Lancet 1976; 1: 1124.PubMed Citation (17 year old male with long standing aplastic anemia treated with oxymetholone developed sudden rupture of right lobe of liver and autopsy revealed multiple hepatic nodules and adenomas).
Slater SD, Davidson JF, Patrick RS. Jaundice induced by stanozolol hypersensitivity. Postgrad Med J 1976; 52: 229-32. PubMed Citation (66 year old man developed jaundice 7 months after starting stanozol [bilirubin 8.0 mg/dL, ALT 74 U/L, Alk P 3 times ULN], with biopsy showing cholestasis but conspicuous eosinophils suggesting ?hypersensitivity? with slow resolution over ensuing 6 months).
Sweeney EC, Evans DJ. Hepatic lesions in patients treated with synthetic anabolic steroids. J Clin Pathol 1976; 29: 626-33.PubMed Citation (Three cases of liver injury due to anabolic steroids; 8 year old boy with Fanconi?s syndrome developed hepatocellular carcinoma after 3 years of methyltestosterone therapy; 46 year old man with severe, ultimately fatal cholestasis [bilirubin 9.8 mg/dL, AST 102 U/L, Alk P 1510 U/L] 3 months after starting oxymetholone; 31 year old woman with aplastic anemia died of intracerebral bleeding after 3 months of oxymetholone therapy and had regenerative hepatic nodules on autopsy).
Tso SC, Chan TK, Todd D. Aplastic anaemia: a study of prognosis and the effect of androgen therapy. Q J Med 1977; 46: 513-29.PubMed Citation (129 cases of aplastic anemia from Hong Kong between 1955-74; 75 received androgen therapy, among whom 12 [16%] had ALT elevations, 7 [10%] jaundice and 2 died with persistent jaundice).
Young GP, Bhathal PS, Sullivan JR, Wall AJ, Fone DJ, Hurley TH. Fatal hepatic coma complicating oxymetholone therapy in multiple myeloma. Aust NZ J Med 1977; 7: 47-51.PubMed Citation (Two patients, 56 year old woman and 60 year old man developed severe jaundice 6 and 8 weeks after starting oxymetholone for multiple myeloma [bilirubin 11.7 and 21.9 mg/dL, AST normal, Alk P 286 and 700 U/L], with progressive jaundice, renal failure, hepatic encephalopathy and death within 4-6 weeks of presentation).
Leong AS, Sage RE. Drug-induced hepatic injury. Aust N Z J Med 1977; 7: 537-9.PubMed Citation (Letter in response to Young [1977] describing 76 year old woman who developed jaundice while receiving oxymetholone and was continued for 3 months [bilirubin 6.2 mg/dL, ALT 346 U/L, Alk P 116 U/L], followed by hepatic failure but biopsy showed marked cholestasis with little necrosis).
Bhathal PS, Fone DJ, Hurley TH, Sullivan JR, Wall AJ, Young GP. Drug-induced hepatic injury. Aust N Z J Med 1977; 7: 539-40.PubMed Citation (Reply to Leong and Sage [1977]; retrospective review of 27 patients with multiple myeloma treated with oxymetholone identified 9 [47%] who developed jaundice).
Nadell J, Kosek J. Peliosis hepatis. Twelve cases associated with oral androgen therapy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1977; 101: 405-10.PubMed Citation (12 patients with peliosis who had received oral androgens for 3 to 24 months from a single institution; 3 died of hepatic failure related to peliosis, one had diagnosis by biopsy and peliosis resolved with stopping androgens, 8 others found incidentally on autopsy; also reviewed 42 cases of peliosis in English literature).
Bird DR, Vowles KDJ. Liver damage from long-term methyltestosterone. Lancet 1977; 2: 400-1. PubMed Citation (39 year old transsexual treated with methyltestosterone for 7 years developed sudden hepatic rupture due to peliosis hepatis).
Westaby D, Ogle SJ, Paradinas FJ, RandellJB, Murray-Lyon IM. Liver damage from long-term methyltestosterone. Lancet 1977; 2: 261-3. PubMed Citation(Among 60 patients on long term methyltestosterone, 32% had raised AST, 55% abnormal liver scan; liver biopsies in 11 showed sinusoidal dilatation in 9 and cholestasis in 3 [one with bilirubin of 1.7 mg/dL] and one developed adenoma).
Mokrohinsky TS, Ambruso DR, Hathaway WE. Fulminant hepatic neoplasia after androgen therapy. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 1411-2. PubMed Citation (6 year old girl with Fanconi?s anemia developed hepatomegaly 2 months after starting oxymetholone with hepatocellular carcinoma in a noncirrhotic liver, dying 5 weeks after diagnosis).
Boyd PR, Mark GJ. Multiple hepatic adenomas and a hepatocellular carcinoma in a man on oral methyl testosterone for 11 years. Cancer 1977; 40: 1765-70.PubMed Citation (29 year old man developed multiple hepatic adenomas and hepatocellular carcinoma 12 years after starting oral methyltestosterone for hypopituitarism).
Sale GE, Lerner KG. Multiple tumors after androgen therapy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1977; 101: 600-3. PubMed Citation (37 year old man with aplastic anemia developed hepatocellular carcinoma and peliosis hepatis as well as pancreatic and renal tumors after 5 years of anabolic steroid therapy).
Hernandez-Nieto L, Bruguera M, Bombi J, Camacho L, Rozman C. Benign liver-cell adenoma associated with long-term administration of an androgenic-anabolic steroid(methandienone). Cancer 1977; 40: 1761-4. PubMed Citation(19 year old man presented with two hepatic adenomas, one of which ruptured after 3 years of methandienone therapy for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria).
Paradinas FJ, Bull TB, Westaby D, Murray-Lyon IM. Hyperplasia and prolapse of hepatocytes into hepatic veins during longterm methyltestosterone therapy: possible relationships of these changes to the development of peliosis hepatis and liver tumours. Histopathology 1977; 1: 225-46. PubMed Citation (Liver histology from 11 patients treated with methyltestosterone for up to 3 years [ALT abnormal in 6 patients, range 53-246 U/L], found sinusoidal dilatation in most cases and ?microcysts? with hyperplasia of hepatocytes that partially occluded the sinusoidal or hepatic vein lumens).
Shapiro P, Ikeda RM, Ruebner BH, Connors MH, Halsted CC, Abildgaard CF. Multiple hepatic tumors and peliosis hepatis in Fanconi’s anemia treated with androgens. Am J Dis Child 1977; 131: 1104-6. PubMed Citation (13 year old boy with Fanconi?s anemia, who was treated with oxymetholone for 5-6 years, died of septicemia and was found to have hepatocellular carcinoma and peliosis hepatis on autopsy).
Coombes GB, Reiser J, Paradinas FJ, Burn I. An androgen-associated hepatic adenoma in a trans-sexual. Br J Surg 1978; 65: 869-70. PubMed Citation (27 year old woman transsexual treated with methyltestosterone for 3 years presented with abdominal pain and was found to have an hepatic adenoma with hemorrhage; no follow up provided).
McDonald EC, Speicher CE. Peliosis hepatis associated with administration of oxymetholone. JAMA 1978; 240: 243-4. PubMed Citation (26 year old man with Hodgkins disease developed jaundice 2 months after starting oxymetholone [bilirubin 6.0 mg/dL, AST ~50 U/L, Alk P ~350 U/L], progressing to liver decompensation and death from sepsis, autopsy showing peliosis hepatis).
Taxy JB. Peliosis: a morphologic curiosity becomes an iatrogenic problem. Hum Pathol 1978; 9: 331-40. PubMed Citation (Five cases of peliosis hepatis in patients [4 men and 1 woman, ages 35 to 71 years] on anabolic steroids for 3 months to 3 years for cancer or bone marrow disease, several with splenic involvement and one fatal).
Leblay R, Brissot P, leCalve JL, Ferrand B. [Peliosis hepatis after treatment with androgens. A recent case]. Nouv Presse Med 1978; 7: 1026. PubMed Citation
Benjamin DR, Shunk B. A fatal case of peliosis of the liver and spleen. Am J Dis Child 1978; 132: 207-8. PubMed Citation (15 year old male with aplastic anemia treated with oxymetholone for 5 years developed sudden intraperitoneal bleeding from splenic peliosis and a capsular tear).
Stromeyer FW, Smith DH, Ishak KG. Anabolic steroid therapy and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer 1979; 43: 440-3.PubMed Citation (47 year old man developed an hepatic tumor and progressive hepatic failure 2 years after starting oxymetholone therapy for refractory anemia; autopsy showed cholangiocarcinoma).
Arnold GL, Kaplan MM. Peliosis hepatis due to oxymetholone?a clinically benign disorder. Am J Gastroenterol 1979; 71: 213-6.PubMed Citation (67 year old man with sideroblastic anemia treated with oxymetholone for 2 years developed jaundice [bilirubin 4.9 mg/dL, ALT 81 U/L, Alk P normal], biopsy showing cholestasis and peliosis, resolving within 2 months of stopping).
Karasawa T, Shikata T, Smith RD. Peliosis hepatitis: report of nine cases. Acta Pathol Jpn 1979; 29: 457-69. PubMed Citation
Falk H, Thomas LB, Popper H. Hepatic angiosarcoma associated with androgenic-anabolic steroids. Lancet 1979; 2: 1120-3.PubMed Citation (Among 168 cases of angiosarcoma identified in a U.S. retrospective study [1964-74], 4 had received anabolic steroids for 1 to 23 years).
Scheuer A, Gerdes H, Lehmann FG. [Anabolic agents and liver neoplasms]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1979; 104: 779-83. German.PubMed Citation (Review of association of anabolic steroids and liver tumors; animal studies suggest that androgens promote liver tumor growth and in humans the association has been best shown in patients with a predisposition to liver cancer [Fanconi?s anemia and chronic hepatitis]).
Treuner J, Niethammer D, Flach A, Fischbach H, Schenck W. [Hepatocellular carcinoma following oxymetholone treatment]. Med Welt 1980; 31: 952-5.PubMed Citation (16 year old boy with aplastic anemia was treated with oxymetholone for 6 years and presented with hepatocellular carcinoma that could not be completely resected but that regressed with stopping androgens).
Montgomery RR, Ducore JM, Githens JH, August CS, Johnson ML. Regression on oxymetholone-induced hepatic tumors after bone marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia. Transplantation 1980; 30: 90-6. PubMed Citation (13 year old boy with aplastic anemia responded to oxymetholone therapy but developed multiple hepatic tumors 3 years later; underwent bone marrow transplant when aplastic anemia relapsed and over next 3 years liver tumors completely regressed).
Wright JE. Anabolic steroids and athletics. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1980; 8: 149-202.PubMed Citation (Review of literature on effects of anabolic steroids on increasing athletic performance as well as side effects).
Pearson K, Zimmerman HJ. Danazol and liver damage. Lancet 1980; 1: 645-6.PubMed Citation (Five patients, 4 women and 1 man, ages 13 to 34 years, developed abnormal liver tests 1-5 months after starting danazol for endometriosis or angioneurotic edema [ALT 61-126 U/L, AST 81-290 U/L], one had jaundice, but limited details provided).
Saheb F. Absence of peliosis hepatis in patients receiving testosterone enanthate. Hepatogastroenterology 1980; 27: 432-40.PubMed Citation (Among 52 patients with renal failure who had received testosterone enanthate for anemia, none had peliosis or liver tumors on autopsy, suggesting that natural forms of testosterone do not lead to these complications).
Wilson JD, Griffin JE. The use and misuse of androgens. Metabolism 1980; 29: 1278-95.PubMed Citation (Three types of modifications of testosterone molecule improve its duration of action [β-esterification], improve its oral bioavailability [17α-alkylation], or increase its activity [ring modification]; the 17α-alkylated modifications can cause liver disease).
Pecking A, Lejolly JM, Najean Y. [Hepatotoxicity of androgens in the course of therapy of aplastic anemia]. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1980; 22: 257-65. PubMed Citation (254 patients with aplastic anemia were treated with androgens and monitored for up to 8 years; 17% developed jaundice and another 18% had liver test abnormalities without jaundice; no severe liver injury or cirrhosis recorded but 2 developed hepatic adenomas [after 20-21 months]).
Zevin D, Turani H, Cohen A, Levi J. Androgen-associated hepatoma in a hemodialysis patient. Nephron 1981; 29: 274-6. PubMed Citation (68 year old man on hemodialysis was treated with oxymetholone for 18 months and nandrolone for 18 months when he presented with large hepatic mass, dying two weeks later; hepatocellular carcinoma but no cirrhosis on autopsy).
Cocks JR. Methyltestosterone-induced liver-cell tumours. Med J Aust 1981; 2: 617-9.PubMed Citation (51 year old man on methyltestosterone for 20 years because of infertility developed hepatic rupture due to hepatocellular carcinoma with regression of mass on stopping androgens).
Ishak KG. Hepatic lesions caused by anabolic and contraceptive steroids. Semin Liver Dis 1981; 1: 116-28. PubMed Citation(Review of effects of male and female sex hormones on the liver including biochemical changes, subcellular alternations, cholestasis, vascular disorders, hyperplasia, neoplasia and miscellaneous).
Stromeyer FW, Ishak KG. Nodular transformation(nodular regenerative hyperplasia) of the liver: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases. Human Pathol 1981; 12: 60-71. PubMed Citation (Analysis of 30 cases of nodular regenerative hyperplasia from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; half men, ages 14 to 80 years, variable presentations, 15 died, some of hepatic failure; AST and Alk P mildly elevated; associated diseases included polycytemia vera, rheumatoid arthritis, lymphoproliferative disorders, renal transplantation and autoimmune diseases; associated medications included prednisone, azathioprine, OCCs, and immunosuppressive agents).
Westaby D, Portmann B, Williams R. Androgen-related primary hepatic tumors in non-Fanconi patients. Cancer 1983; 51: 1947-52.PubMed Citation (Three men, ages 28 to 58 years, developed hepatocellular carcinoma after 10 to 17 years of methyltestosterone therapy for hypogonadism, with some degree of regression upon stopping anabolic steroid).
Turani H, Levi J, Zevin D, Kessler E. Hepatic lesions in patients on anabolic androgenic therapy. Isr J Med Sci 1983; 19: 332-7.PubMed Citation (11 men on long term androgenic steroids had abnormal liver findings; 3 were found to have carcinoma [hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma] and 8 peliosis hepatis).
C?p J, Ondrus B, Danihel L. [Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver in children with Fanconi’s anemia after long-term treatment with androgens]. Bratisl Lek Listy 1983; 79: 73-81. Slovak.PubMed Citation
Malt RA, Galdabini JJ, Jeppsson BW. Abnormal sex-steroid milieu in young adults with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 1983; 7: 247-52. PubMed Citation (Among 7 patients ages 20-30 years with hepatocellular carcinoma seen over 15 year period, 2 were men on methyltestosterone in whom the tumor regressed on stopping androgens, and they were alive 2 and 7 years later).
Schmidt E, Deeg HJ, Storb R. Regression of androgen-related hepatic tumors in patients with Fanconi’s anemia following marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1984; 37: 452-5. PubMed Citation (Two patients with Fanconi?s anemia [1 girl, 1 boy] developed liver disease and hepatic masses after being treated with oxymetholone for 4 and 11 years; after bone marrow transplantation the masses regressed as documented by serial imaging studies).
Chandra RS, Kapur SP, Kelleher J Jr, Luban N, Patterson K. Benign hepatocellular tumors in the young. A clinicopathologic spectrum. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984; 108: 168-71. PubMed Citation (Seven children with hepatocellular carcinoma without cirrhosis [some had fibrosis] included 4 with aplastic or Fanconi?s anemia who had received oxymetholone for 3 to 8 years; other 3 were found to have cancer incidentally on autopsy, two with thalassemia and one post-renal transplant).
Peces R, Ablanedo P, Alvarez J. Peliosis hepatis after renal transplantation. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 1505. PubMed Citation(Patient on hemodialysis received androgenic steroids for 2 years developed peliosis hepatis with portal hypertension).
Overly WL, Dankoff JA, Wang BK, Singh ND. Androgens and hepatocellular carcinoma in an athlete. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 158-9. PubMed Citation (26 year old on multiple anabolic steroids for body building for 4 years developed weakness and weight loss and found to have hepatocellular carcinoma).
Lyon J, Bookstein JL, Cartwright CA, Romano A, Heeney DJ. Peliosis hepatis: diagnosis by magnification wedged hepatic venography. Radiology 1984; 150: 647-9. PubMed Citation (29 year old man with aplastic anemia on oxymetholone for 4 years developed abdominal pain [bilirubin 1.7 mg/dL, ALT 1000 U/L, Alk P 188 U/L], venogram showing changes of peliosis and liver biopsy showing diffuse peliosis and hemorrhage and small adenomas).
Mays ET, Christopherson W. Hepatic tumors induced by sex steroids. Semin Liver Dis 1984; 4: 147-57. PubMed Citation (Review of experience with 201 benign tumors of liver in women, ages 14 to 57; 98 focal nodular hyperplasia, 2 adenoma and 23 hepatocellular carcinoma, 9 unclassified; oral contraceptive use in 82% regardless of type).
Pelletier G, Frija J, Szekely AM, Clauvel JP. Adenoma of the liver in man. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1984; 8: 269-72. PubMed Citation(26 year old man with solitary hepatic adenoma; review of literature found only 31 cases of adenomas in men, 8 of whom had received anabolic steroids).
Zafrani ES, Casier A, Baudelot A-M, Feldmann G. Ultrastructural lesions of the liver in human peliosis: a report of 12 cases. Am J Pathol 1984; 114: 349-59.PubMed Citation (Electron microscopy of liver biopsies from 12 patients with peliosis, 5 with jaundice, 4 with portal hypertension, ALT elevated in 6, Alk P in 9 and bilirubin in 7: dilation of sinusoids and space of Disse; one case attributed to anabolic steroids).
Goldman B. Liver carcinoma in an athlete taking anabolic steroids. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1985; 85: 56. PubMed Citation (37 year old male athlete taking oxymetholone for 5 years developed 4 pound ?malignant tumor?).
McCaughan GW, Bilous MJ, Gallagher ND. Long-term survival with tumor regression in androgen-induced liver tumors. Cancer 1985; 56: 2622-6. PubMed Citation (Two patients with hepatocellular carcinoma arising after 5 and 6 years of therapy with oxymetholone and methyltestosterone had tumor regression on stopping anabolic steroids and survival for more than 10 years).
Lowdell CP, Murray-Lyon IM. Reversal of liver damage due to long term methyltestosterone and safety of non-17 alpha-alkylated androgens. Br Med J 1985; 291: 637. PubMed Citation (1 to 6 year follow up of 42 patients with liver injury from methyltestosterone [Westaby 1977]; all recovered and those on sublingual testosterone had normal liver tests and liver scans).
Nuzzo JL, Manz HJ, Maxted WC. Peliosis hepatis after long-term androgen therapy. Urology 1985; 25: 518-9. PubMed Citation(After 13 years of testosterone and 16 months of fluoxymestrone replacement therapy, patient presented with jaundice that resolved on reducing dose; on autopsy 5 years later, liver histology showed peliosis).
Buamah PK. An apparent danazol induced primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 1985; 28: 114-6. PubMed Citation (49 year old woman treated with danazol for 2 years for endometriosis presented with jaundice and pain, laparotomy showing hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver).
Carrasco D, Prieto M, Pallardo L, Moll JL, Cruz JM, Monoz C, Berenguer J. Multiple hepatic adenomas after long-term therapy with testosterone enanthate. J Hepatol 1985; 1: 573-8. PubMed Citation (32 year old man with renal transplant treated with testosterone enanthate for 12 years developed hepatic masses found to be adenomas).
Nesher G, Dolberg L, Zimran A, Hershko A. Hepatosplenic peliosis after danazol and glucocorticoids for ITP. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 242-3. PubMed Citation (74 year old woman with immune thrombocytopenia treated with danazol for 3 months was found to have peliosis hepatis during splenectomy).
Nordsten M. [Hemangiosarcoma of the liver associated with administration of androgenic steroids]. Ugeskr Laeger 1985; 147: 2615-6. Danish. PubMed Citation
Garrigues-Gil V, Berenguer-Lapuerta JB, Ponce-Garcia J, Martin MR. A non-C17 alkylated steroid and long-term cholestasis. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 135-6.PubMed Citation (27 year old woman developed jaundice 4 months after starting 19-norandrostenolone with prolonged jaundice [bilirubin 10.8 m/dL, ALT 310 U/L, Alk P 1560 U/L], lasting 14 months and complete resolution at 21 months).
Serke S, Dienemann D, Speck B, Zimmermann R, Baer U, Huhn D. Hepatocellular carcinoma and focal nodular hyperplasia associated with norethandrolone-therapy: a case report. Blut 1986; 52: 111-6. PubMed Citation(33 year old woman with aplastic anemia treated with norethandrolone for 4 years presented with abdominal pain and hepatic masses, one being focal nodular hyperplasia and one hepatocellular carcinoma; no follow up given).
Kiraly CL. Androgen-anabolic steroid effects on serum and skin surface lipids, on red cells and on liver enzymes. Int J Sports Med 1986; 9: 249-52. PubMed Citation
Boue F, Coffin B, Delfraissy JF. Danazol and cholestatic hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105:139-40. PubMed Citation (73 year old woman with thrombocytopenic purpura developed pruritus and abnormal liver tests 4 weeks after starting danazol but without jaundice [ALT 57 U/L, peak Alk P 619 U/L], pruritus persisted for 3 weeks, liver test abnormalities for 3 months).
Lucey MR, Moseley RH. Severe cholestasis associated with methyltestosterone: a case report. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 461-2. PubMed Citation (62 year old man developed fatigue followed by jaundice 8 months after starting methyltestosterone [bilirubin 29 mg/dL, AST 243 I/L, Alk P 290 U/L] resolving within 2 months of stopping).
Ishak KG, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxic effects of the anabolic/androgenic steroids. Semin Liver Dis 1987; 7: 230-6. PubMed Citation (Thorough review of the hepatic complications of androgenic steroid use, including cholestasis, peliosis, hyperplastic nodules, nodular regeneration, adenomas, hepatocellular carcinoma and other hepatic malignancies).
Evely RS, Triger DR, Milnes JP, Low-Beer TS, Williams R. Severe cholestasis associated with stanozolol. Br Med J 1987; 294: 612-3.PubMed Citation (Three patients, ages 62-65 years, developed jaundice and pruritus 1-5 months after starting stanozol [bilirubin 38.6-46.7 mg/dL, AST 56-69 U/L, Alk P 284-732 U/L], resolving 3-6 months after drug withdrawal).
Oda K, Oguma N, Kawano M, Kimura A, Kuramoto A, Tokumo K. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with long-term anabolic steroid therapy in two patients with aplastic anemia. Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi 1987; 50: 29-36. PubMed Citation (Two patients with aplastic anemia treated with oxymetholone for 12-15 years developed multiple liver tumors and had hepatocellular carcinoma without cirrhosis on autopsy).
Kir?ly CL. Androgenic-anabolic steroid effects on serum and skin surface lipids, on red cells, and on liver enzymes. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9: 249-52. PubMed Citation (Prospective study of 7 power athletes taking multiple anabolic steroids during 6 weeks of training; ALT levels rose [~28 to 52 U/L] and HDL cholesterol levels decreased).
Creagh TM, Rubin A, Evans DJ. Hepatic tumors induced by anabolic steroids in an athlete. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 441-3. PubMed Citation (27 year old male body builder on anabolic steroids for 3 years presented with rupture of large hepatocellular carcinoma).
Lenders JW, Demacker PN, Vos JA, Jansen AJ, Hoitsma AJ, van ?t Laar, Thien T. Deleterious effects of anabolic steroids on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, liver function in amateur body builders. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9: 19-23.PubMed Citation (Among 58 body builders, ALT and AST levels were higher among those currently on anabolic steroids [mean ALT=57 U/L] compared to previous users [36 U/L] and never users [19 U/L], and levels rose during a course of anabolic steroids [29 to 67 U/L]).
Veneri RJ, Gordon SC. Anabolic steroid-induced cholestasis: choleretic response to corticosteroids. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 10: 467-8. PubMed Citation (29 year old male body builder with a history of pruritus and jaundice after starting anabolic steroids developed prolonged pruritus and jaundice 4 months after a one month course of testosterone enanthate injections [bilirubin 16.4 mg/dL, ALT 47 U/L, Alk P 205 U/L], with apparent response to prednisone therapy).
Middleton C, McCaughan GW, Painter DM, Stephen MS, Beale M, Fraser I. Danazol and hepatic neoplasia: a case report. Aust N Z J Med 1989; 19: 733-5.PubMed Citation (35 year old woman presented with a large hepatocellular carcinoma after several years of intermittent danazol therapy for endometriosis with improvement on stopping danazol and resection).
Winwood PJ, Robertson DA, Wright R. Bleeding oesophageal varices associated with anabolic steroid use in an athlete. Postgrad Med J 1990; 66: 864-5. PubMed Citation (30 year old male body builder on anabolic steroids for 18 months developed variceal hemorrhage; liver biopsy was read as normal and varices were no longer detected after steroids were stopped).
Gleeson D, Newbould MJ, Taylor P, McMahon RF, Leahy BC, Warnes TW. Androgen associated hepatocellular carcinoma with an aggressive course. Gut 1991; 32: 1084-6.PubMed Citation (48 year old man on methyltestosterone for primary hypogonadism for 24 years presented with abdominal pain and hepatocellular carcinoma; withdrawal of androgens led to regression, but 2 years later he had progressive metastatic disease and died; he was also anti-HCV positive).
Kuipers H, Wijnen J, Hartgen F, Willems S. Influence of anabolic steroids on body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile and liver function in body builders. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12: 413-8. PubMed Citation (Prospective study of testosterone vs nandrolone vs placebo intramuscular injections for 8 weeks in 50 male and female body builders; androgens led to increase in muscle mass, but also a 25% decrease in HDL cholesterol and increase in diastolic blood pressure; but ?all enzyme values remained within the normal range?).
S?e KL, S?e M, Gluud C. Liver pathology associated with the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Liver 1992; 12: 73-9. PubMed Citation (Review of adverse effects of anabolic steroids on the liver with a focus on histologic changes).
Touraine RL, Bertrand Y, Foray P, Gilly J, Philippe N. Hepatic tumours during androgen therapy in Fanconi anaemia. Eur J Pediatr 1993; 152: 691-3. PubMed Citation (12 year old boy with Fanconi?s anemia developed jaundice after 4.5 years of norethandrolone therapy with three hepatic masses, 4, 8 and 12 cm in size and diagnosed as hepatic adenomas; there was partial resolution on stopping androgen therapy as shown by 50% shrinkage after 16 months).
Cabasso A. Peliosis hepatis in a young adult bodybuilder. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 2-4. PubMed Citation (27 year old male body builder taking various anabolic steroids for 8 years presented with abdominal pain and hepatic mass compatible with peliosis by CT scan, which regressed on stopping androgens).
Gurakar A, Caraceni P, Fagiuoli S, Van Thiel DH. Androgenic/anabolic steroid-induced intrahepatic cholestasis: a review with four additional case reports. J Okla State Med Assoc 1994; 87: 399-404. PubMed Citation (4 cases of jaundice due to anabolic steroid use; all men, ages 63, 33, 53 and 26 years, taking anabolic steroids [methyltestosterone, stanozolol or oral testosterone], for 1-5 months, developed jaundice [bilirubin 13.2, 44.3, 47.8, and 19.5 mg/dL, ALT 52, 12, 27 and 33 U/L, Alk P 337, 189, 294, and 137 U/L], with slow resolution 5-12 months after stopping androgens).
Wood P, Yin JA. Oxymetholone hepatotoxicity enhanced by concomitant use of cyclosporin A in a bone marrow transplant patient. Clin Lab Haematol 1994; 16: 201-4.PubMed Citation (16 year old boy with acute leukemia and bone marrow transplant developed jaundice 2 months after starting oxymetholone [bilirubin 4.0 mg/dL, ALT 488 U/L, Alk P 442 U/L], abnormalities persisting for 3 months after stopping).
Yoshida EM, Karim MA, Shaikh JF, Soos JG, Erb SR. At what price, glory? Severe cholestasis and acute renal failure in an athlete abusing stanozolol. CMAJ 1994; 151: 791-3. PubMed Citation (26 year old male power lifter developed jaundice one month after starting stanozolol [bilirubin 19.6 rising to 51.2 mg/dL, AST 33 U/L, Alk P 137 U/L], complicated by acute renal failure, biopsy showing intrahepatic cholestasis, resolving slowly over the following 5 months).
Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger B, Phillips J, Bunnell TJ, et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1-7. PubMed Citation(Controlled trial of testosterone enanthate vs placebo for 10 weeks in 43 normal men who were also randomized to exercise or not; testosterone increased muscle size and strength; no change in liver enzymes).